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                    <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../cpp.html" title="cpp"> C++</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
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<p>There are two kinds of implementations defined by the C++ standard: <i><b>hosted</b></i> and <i><b>freestanding</b></i> implementations. For <i>hosted</i> implementations the set of standard library headers required by the C++ standard is much larger than for <i>freestanding</i> ones. In a <i>freestanding</i> implementation execution may happen without an operating system.
</p><p>The kind of the implementation is implementation-defined. <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>The macro <code>__STDC_HOSTED__</code> is predefined to <code>1</code> for hosted implementations and <code>0</code> for freestanding implementations.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Requirements_on_multi-threaded_executions_and_data_races">Requirements on <a href="language/memory_model.html" title="cpp/language/memory model">multi-threaded executions and data races</a></span></h3>
<table cellpadding="8">
<tr>
<th> <i>freestanding</i> </th>
<th> <i>hosted</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> Under a <i>freestanding</i> implementation, it is implementation-defined whether a program can have more than one <a href="thread.html" title="cpp/thread">thread of execution</a>.
</td>
<td> Under a <i>hosted</i> implementation, a C++ program can have more than one <a href="thread.html" title="cpp/thread">thread</a> running concurrently.
</td></tr></table>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Requirements_on_the_main_function">Requirements on the <a href="language/main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function"><tt>main</tt></a> function</span></h3>
<table cellpadding="8|">

<tr>
<th> <i>freestanding</i> </th>
<th> <i>hosted</i>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> In a <i>freestanding</i> implementation, it is implementation-defined whether a program is required to define a <a href="language/main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function"><tt>main</tt></a> function. Start-up and termination is implementation-defined; start-up contains the execution of <a href="language/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor">constructors</a> for objects of <a href="language/scope.html#Namespace_scope" title="cpp/language/scope">namespace scope</a> with static storage duration; termination contains the execution of <a href="language/destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructors</a> for objects with static <a href="language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration</a>.
</td>
<td> In a <i>hosted</i> implementation, a program must contain a global function called <a href="language/main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function"><tt>main</tt></a>. Executing a program starts a main <a href="thread.html" title="cpp/thread">thread of execution</a> in which the <code>main</code> function is invoked, and in which variables of static <a href="language/storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration</a> might be initialized and destroyed.
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Requirements_on_standard_library_headers">Requirements on <a href="header.html" title="cpp/header">standard library headers</a></span></h3>
<p>A <i>freestanding</i> implementation has an implementation-defined set of headers. This set includes at least the headers in the following table:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption style="padding:6px;"> Headers required for a <i>freestanding</i> implementation
</caption>
<tr>
<td> Types </td>
<td> <a href="header/cstddef.html" title="cpp/header/cstddef"><tt>&lt;cstddef&gt;</tt></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Implementation properties </td>
<td> <a href="header/limits.html" title="cpp/header/limits"><tt>&lt;limits&gt;</tt></a><br><a href="header/cfloat.html" title="cpp/header/cfloat"><tt>&lt;cfloat&gt;</tt></a> <a href="header/climits.html" title="cpp/header/climits"><tt>&lt;climits&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br><a href="header/version.html" title="cpp/header/version"><tt>&lt;version&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Integer types </td>
<td> <a href="header/cstdint.html" title="cpp/header/cstdint"><tt>&lt;cstdint&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Start and termination </td>
<td> <a href="header/cstdlib.html" title="cpp/header/cstdlib"><tt>&lt;cstdlib&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark">(partial)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="freestanding.html#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Dynamic memory management </td>
<td> <a href="header/new.html" title="cpp/header/new"><tt>&lt;new&gt;</tt></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Type identification </td>
<td> <a href="header/typeinfo.html" title="cpp/header/typeinfo"><tt>&lt;typeinfo&gt;</tt></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Source location </td>
<td> <a href="header/source_location.html" title="cpp/header/source location"><tt>&lt;source_location&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Exception handling </td>
<td> <a href="header/exception.html" title="cpp/header/exception"><tt>&lt;exception&gt;</tt></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Initializer lists </td>
<td> <a href="header/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/header/initializer list"><tt>&lt;initializer_list&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Comparisons </td>
<td> <a href="header/compare.html" title="cpp/header/compare"><tt>&lt;compare&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Coroutines support </td>
<td> <a href="header/coroutine.html" title="cpp/header/coroutine"><tt>&lt;coroutine&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Other runtime support </td>
<td> <a href="header/cstdarg.html" title="cpp/header/cstdarg"><tt>&lt;cstdarg&gt;</tt></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Fundamental library concepts </td>
<td> <a href="header/concepts.html" title="cpp/header/concepts"><tt>&lt;concepts&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Type traits </td>
<td> <a href="header/type_traits.html" title="cpp/header/type traits"><tt>&lt;type_traits&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Bit manipulation </td>
<td> <a href="header/bit.html" title="cpp/header/bit"><tt>&lt;bit&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Atomics </td>
<td> <a href="header/atomic.html" title="cpp/header/atomic"><tt>&lt;atomic&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="freestanding.html#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> Deprecated headers </td>
<td> <a href="header/ciso646.html" title="cpp/header/ciso646"><tt>&lt;ciso646&gt;</tt></a> <a href="header/cstdalign.html" title="cpp/header/cstdalign"><tt>&lt;cstdalign&gt;</tt></a> <a href="header/cstdbool.html" title="cpp/header/cstdbool"><tt>&lt;cstdbool&gt;</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(until C++20)</span>
</td></tr></table>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="freestanding.html#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The supplied version of the header <code>&lt;cstdlib&gt;</code> shall declare at least the functions <span class="t-lc"><a href="utility/program/abort.html" title="cpp/utility/program/abort">std::abort</a></span>, <span class="t-lc"><a href="utility/program/atexit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/atexit">std::atexit</a></span>, <span class="t-lc"><a href="utility/program/exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/exit">std::exit</a></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>, <span class="t-lc"><a href="utility/program/at_quick_exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/at quick exit">std::at_quick_exit</a></span> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="utility/program/quick_exit.html" title="cpp/utility/program/quick exit">std::quick_exit</a></span></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="freestanding.html#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>Support for always lock-free integral atomic types and presence of type aliases <span class="t-lc"><a href="atomic/atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic">std::atomic_signed_lock_free</a></span> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="atomic/atomic.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic">std::atomic_unsigned_lock_free</a></span> are implementation-defined in a freestanding implementation.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></span></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Compiler vendors may not correctly support freestanding implementation, for either implementation issues (see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=100057">GCC bug 100057</a>) or just ignoring freestanding as a whole (LLVM libcxx and msvc stl).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++20">
<ul><li> C++20 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2020): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 4.1 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance] (p: 7)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.9.2 Multi-threaded executions and data races [intro.multithread] (p: 77)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.9.3.1 main function [basic.start.main] (p: 82)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 16.5.1.3 Freestanding implementations [compliance] (p: 470)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++17">
<ul><li> C++17 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2017): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 4.1 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance] (p: 5)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 4.7 Multi-threaded executions and data races [intro.multithread] (p: 15)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.6.1 main function [basic.start.main] (p: 66)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 20.5.1.3 Freestanding implementations [compliance] (p: 458)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++14">
<ul><li> C++14 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2014): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 1.4 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance] (p: 5)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 1.10 Multi-threaded executions and data races [intro.multithread] (p: 11)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.6.1 Main function [basic.start.main] (p: 62)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 17.6.1.3 Freestanding implementations [compliance] (p: 441)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++11">
<ul><li> C++11 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2011): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 1.4 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance] (p: 5)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 1.10 Multi-threaded executions and data races [intro.multithread] (p: 11)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.6.1 Main function [basic.start.main] (p: 58)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 17.6.1.3 Freestanding implementations [compliance] (p: 408)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="t-ref-std-c++03">
<ul><li> C++03 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2003): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 1.4 Implementation compliance [intro.compliance] (p: 3)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.6.1 Main function [basic.start.main] (p: 43)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 17.4.1.3 Freestanding implementations [lib.compliance] (p: 326)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1938.html">CWG 1938</a>
</td>
<td> C++98
</td>
<td> an implementation did not need<br>to document whether it is hosted
</td>
<td> made the implementation kind implementation-<br>defined (thus requires a documentation)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3653">LWG 3653</a>
</td>
<td> C++20
</td>
<td> &lt;coroutine&gt; is freestanding,<br> but uses std::hash which is not
</td>
<td> Not yet fixed
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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